22 The battery consisted of a standardized clinical interview on demographic information, cognitive and functional status, drug inventory, depression and medical history, a cognitive state examination including the six-item Korean version of the Short Blessed test 23 and a general physical and neurological examination. Psychiatrists with advanced training in neuropsychiatry and dementia research examined all participants according to the protocol in the Korean Version of the Consortium to Established a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD) clinical assessment battery. Informed consent was obtained from each participant according to the procedures approved by the institutional review board of each center. All participants lived independently in the community. Research participants were recruited from among elderly individuals who participated in a community service program for the early detection and management of dementia at 4 centers located in Seoul (two public health center and two dementia or memory clinics) from January 2003 to November 2010. Seven hundred and eighty-four healthy people aged 60-90 years were included in this study. 21 This study aimed to investigate the effects of age, education, and gender on DS performance, and to provide normative information based on an analysis of a large, educationally diverse elderly population. 13, 14, 18, 20 while very limited numbers of studies investigated the influences of demographic factors and normative corrections on DS performance in elderly individuals with a poorer educational background. 3 Most normative studies for DS performance in older people targeted mainly highly educated individuals (more than 12 years). 19Īlthough several DS norms have been reported, many of them were obtained from relatively small number of elderly participants with a limited educational background. Some studies reported a minimal or no gender effect, suggesting that no gender corrections need to be applied to normative data, 5, 18 while other studies showed significantly higher DS backward performance in female than in male. 15 - 17 However, the effect of gender on DS score is controversial. 12 - 14 Educational level is also known to have a positive effect on DS performance. The relationship between older age and reduced performance has been consistently reported. 10, 11ĭS performance has been found to be influenced by demographic factors. 7 - 9 The DS also can be applied to assess people handicapped by illiteracy. The DS is very useful in clinical settings to differentiate, monitor, and describe various neuropsychiatric or cognitive disorders including dementia, depression, and malingered neurocognitive dysfunction. Although specific cognitive components contributing to each part of the DS performance are not well-defined, the DS forward is regarded to be more related to attention and the DS backward is to working memory. Each part is considered to assess somewhat different cognitive processes.
1 - 5 The DS consists of forward recall part and backward recall part for digit sequences. We provide correction grids for age and literacy that derive from results of the regression analyses.The Digit Span test (DS) is a widely used neuropsychological measure, known as a test of attention and working memory. The results show a decremental effect of age on performance in all tasks and an ameliorative effect of education in all tasks except the Corsi span backwards. Here, we report normative data on the forward and backward versions of the Digit span and Corsi span tasks that was collected from 362 healthy Italians ranging in age from 20 to 90 years. The backward versions of both tasks, in which sequences of items have to be reproduced in the reverse order, are believed to primarily tax Central Executive resources.
the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad for verbal and visuo-spatial data, respectively). Forward versions of these tasks, in which sequences of items of increasing length have to be reproduced in the order they were presented, are believed to primarily evaluate the functioning of the working memory material-specific slave systems (i.e. The Digit span and Corsi span tasks are frequently used to assess verbal and visuo-spatial short-term memory.
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